Exome sequencing (also known as Whole Exome Sequencing, WES or WXS) is a technique for sequencing all the expressed genes in a genome. It consists of first selecting only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins (known as exons), and then sequencing that DNA using any high throughput DNA sequencing technology. There are 180,000 exons, which constitute about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs.

Whole-genome sequencing is the most comprehensive method for analyzing the genome. Genomic information has been instrumental in identifying inherited disorders, characterizing the mutations that drive cancer progression, and tracking disease outbreaks. Rapidly dropping sequencing costs and the ability to produce large volumes of data with today's sequencers make whole-genome sequencing a powerful tool for genomics research

A transcriptome is the full range of messenger RNA, or mRNA, molecules expressed by an organism. In contrast with the genome, which is characterized by its stability, the transcriptome actively changes.

Metagenomic data reveals the species composition of a microbial community and decoding its functional genes.

1. For amplicon sequencing approach, the 16S rRNA gene has emerged as the most used marker. Further markers may be other rRNA genes, the ITS region, RuBisCo, mcrA or other functional genes.
   
2. Metagenome sequencing (Shotgun Metagenomics for total DNA or Shotgun Metatranscriptomics for total RNA) offers a random representation of all extracted genomic sequences, giving insights into the metabolic profiles of these specific communities.

Resistome is a collection of all the antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. It includes resistance elements found in both pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic-producing bacteria, and cryptic resistance genes (which are not necessarily expressed) that are present in bacterial chromosomes.

Hi-C is a method that probes the three-dimensional architecture of whole genomes by coupling proximity-based ligation with massively parallel sequencing.

Epigenetic modifications are reversible modifications on a cell's DNA or histones that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Two of the most characterized epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone modification.